The History of Sash Windows in Traditional American Homes

Origins of the Sash Window

The origins of the vertical sliding sash window remain a topic of debate, though it likely evolved from the simpler horizontal sliding sash, commonly known as the ‘Yorkshire Sash.’

While some historians argue that the vertical sash window originated in Holland during the late 17th century, others suggest it has French roots, as the word ‘sash’ derives from the French word ‘chassis,’ meaning frame. However, early French sash windows lacked the counterbalancing mechanism that defines the classic sash window, instead relying on swivel blocks to hold the frame in place.

One of the earliest references to sash windows, possibly describing shutters, comes from W. Horman’s Vulgaria (1589), where he notes:

“Glasen wyndowis let in the lyght, and kepe out the winde” ….. “I have many prety wyndowes shette with levys goynge up and downe.”

Adoption in America

The sash window was introduced to the American colonies through English influence in the 17th and 18th centuries. Sir Christopher Wren’s master joiner, Thomas Kinward, made one of the earliest known references to counterbalanced sash windows in 1669 while working at Whitehall Palace in London. As sash windows became a fashionable status symbol in England, they also gained prominence in colonial America, particularly in the Georgian and Federal architectural styles.

Early American examples can be seen in colonial homes throughout New England, the Mid-Atlantic, and the South. Wealthy landowners built grand plantation homes with elegant sash windows, while urban townhouses and federal-style buildings also adopted the design. Unlike casement windows, sash windows allowed for better ventilation and fit the symmetrical aesthetic that dominated colonial and early American architecture.

Georgian and Federal Sash Windows in the U.S.

During the 18th century, Georgian architecture flourished in the American colonies, bringing with it the widespread use of sash windows. Initially, these windows featured a single moving sash, with the top sash fixed in place. Over time, the more familiar double-hung sash window design became standard, allowing both sashes to slide.

American craftsmen initially used oak or Eastern white pine for construction. The glazing bars were thicker to accommodate small panes of handblown glass. As glass manufacturing improved, larger panes became common, and the classic six-over-six pane configuration became the hallmark of Georgian homes.

The Federal period (1780–1830) saw further refinement in sash window design, with thinner muntins (glazing bars) allowing for even larger panes. This style was popularized in grand homes such as Monticello and the White House, where symmetry and proportion were essential design elements.

Victorian Sash Windows in the U.S.

By the mid-19th century, the Victorian era brought more elaborate architectural styles, including Gothic Revival, Queen Anne, and Second Empire. During this time, sash windows became increasingly ornate, with intricate moldings, curved horns, and multi-arched heads. Victorian homes often featured bay windows with multiple sash windows grouped together, maximizing natural light.

In Queen Anne-style homes (1880–1900), lower sashes typically had a single pane of glass, while the upper sash was multi-paned in a six-over-one configuration. More elaborate versions included stained glass in the upper sash, adding a decorative element to homes.

Edwardian and Early 20th Century Sash Windows

The Edwardian period (1901–1920) marked a transitional phase in American architecture. Drawing from Georgian and Victorian influences, Edwardian homes often incorporated sash windows in a six-over-two glazing pattern. While sash windows remained popular, side-hinged casement windows also gained traction, especially in Craftsman and Prairie-style homes.

The Edwardian period (1901–1920) inherited much from its predecessors, synthesizing Georgian elegance with Victorian ornamentation. This brief yet impactful era introduced sash windows typically designed with a "six over two" pane arrangement, reflecting both aesthetic preferences and practical considerations for increased visibility through lower sashes. However, by the early 20th century, side-hinged casement windows began rising in popularity due to their simplicity and cost-effectiveness, marking the start of the sash window’s decline.

After World War I, the popularity of sash windows steadily decreased, predominantly due to the labor-intensive craftsmanship required for their construction compared to mass-produced alternatives. Despite this, the enduring charm and historic value of sash windows have ensured their preservation and ongoing appreciation in architectural conservation efforts.

By the early 20th century, advancements in glass manufacturing led to the increased use of large, single-pane windows, and the traditional multi-paned sash window began to decline. The rise of modernism and industrial manufacturing led to the mass production of casement windows, which were cheaper and easier to produce than traditional sash windows.

The Modern Role of Sash Windows

Despite their decline in new construction, sash windows remain an integral part of historic American homes. Their classic design continues to be developed and refined, with modern advancements allowing for improved energy efficiency, security, and durability. Today, restoration specialists work to preserve historic sash windows, ensuring they retain their character while meeting contemporary standards.

With an estimated millions of sash windows still present in historic homes across the United States, their influence on American architecture is undeniable. From colonial townhouses to grand plantation estates, sash windows have helped define the aesthetic and functionality of traditional American homes. As preservation efforts continue, these windows will remain a treasured aspect of the country’s architectural heritage.